Think Marriage Will Make You Happier? Maybe Not

Planning to pop the marriage question on Valentine's Day? A study in the February issue of the Journal of Marriage and Family may make you reconsider.

While married couples enjoy some health advantages (likely because of shared health care plans), the study found that unmarried couples who live together are generally happier and have better self-esteem.

Overall, the authors were struck most with the similarities between marriage and cohabitation: both improved psychological well-being but reduced contact with parents and friends.

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“We found that differences between marriage and cohabitation tend to be small and dissipate after a honeymoon period," said study coauthor Kelly Musick, associate professor of policy analysis and management at Cornell’s College of Human Ecology. "For some, cohabitation may come with fewer unwanted obligations than marriage and allow for more flexibility, autonomy and personal growth.”

The researchers looked at data from 2,737 single men and women, 896 of whom married or moved in with a partner over the course of six years, focusing on happiness, levels of depression, health and social ties. It's believed to be the first study that compares partners as they either get married or move in together, and the differences that persist in their lives afterward.

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“In recent decades western societies have experienced increases in cohabitation, before or instead of marriage, and increases in children born outside of marriage,” said Musick. “These changes have blurred the boundaries of marriage, leading to questions about what difference marriage makes in comparison to alternatives ... our research shows that marriage is by no means unique in promoting well-being and that other forms of romantic relationships can provide many of the same benefits [as marriage].”

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X-Ray Laser Fires Most Powerful Beam Ever

Lasers fire beams of light that can cut through steel or etch microchip patterns, depending on the power and wavelength. Now one team of scientists at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, Calif., led by Nina Rohringer, has created an X-ray laser that fires more energy, with a more precise wavelength, than any previous model. The results are being published in the journal Nature.

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X-ray lasers are already used in spectroscopy, as a way to look into the depths of molecules like DNA. Back in the 1980s the “Star Wars” missile defense program even floated the idea of X-ray lasers as weapons, powered by nuclear bombs. (The idea was never implemented.) This laser will let scientists see things smaller than ever before.

A laser works by exciting atoms in a crystal, gas or liquid, pushing the electrons nearest to the nucleus into higher energy levels -- a process called “pumping.” When the electrons return to their ground states, neighboring atoms stimulate each other and they emit light of a specific wavelength -- ultimately the laser.

Most lasers, like the ones in CD players and laser pointers, use visible light or electricity to excite the atoms.

But getting a laser beam to work in the X-ray part of the spectrum requires tons of energy. Scientists use particle accelerators to push electrons to near the speed of light and then send them through a set of magnets. The electrons emit laser light in the X-ray spectrum.

But Rohringer’s team at SLAC wanted an even more powerful laser than that, so they used the first laser to pump atoms of neon. Hitting the neon with the beam pushed the electrons closest to the nuclei of the atoms into a high-energy state, and generated a beam with a shorter and more precise wavelength. To get an idea, a visible light laser (like a laser pointer) has a wavelength of a few hundred nanometers. The laser beam in Rohringer's experiment had a wavelength of 1.5 nanometers.

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Laser energies are sometimes measured in electron volts, and this one has a range of 1 eV. Previous X-ray lasers had a range of 8-15 eV. That's important when you want to see what atoms are doing, since the smallest object one can see is limited by the wavelength of the light you use to see it. To look at anything smaller than a few nanometers requires a light beam (a laser in this case) with a wavelength that size, and to get a sharp picture, you also need a well-defined wavelength. Previous X-ray lasers had too much “spread.” The neon laser gets past that limitation, allowing for pictures of smaller and faster phenomena.

Images: Greg Stewart, SLAC (top); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (bottom)

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World's First Magnetic Soap Invented

Watch out, Mr. Clean. Scientists in the United Kingdom have just created the world's first magnetic soap, and they're saying it could revolutionize the way we take on mega-cleanups.

Chemists have long wanted to achieve magnetic soap that works on an industrial level because it would give environmental remediation experts the ability to precisely control a cleanup using magnetic force. But scientists assumed that mixing metal into detergents wasn't the answer since the metal particles would likely be so isolated within the mixture they wouldn't respond well to a magnet.

Recently, however, several University of Bristol scientists led by chemistry professor Julian Eastoe successfully created working magnetic soap.

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They did it by dissolving iron in a bunch of inert materials similar to those usually found in fabric softener. Adding iron created metallic centers in the soap particles, so that the soap clung to a magnet when it was placed in solution.

Using a magnet, the scientists were able to change characteristics of the soap such as its electrical conductivity and melting point. That responsiveness could be extremely useful for environmental remediation or industrial waste cleanup because the cleaner would only work when needed.

The soap's magnetic properties also make the substance easy to collect and remove once it's been used, according to the scientists. Imagine putting a bunch of this soap on an oil spill and then being able to almost reel it in.

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Eastoe and his colleagues were initially so surprised by the way their soap behaved that they took it to a special research lab in France and put it under a "neutron microscope." Indeed, the iron particles were pulling together. The group published the details of their creation in the chemistry journal Angewandte Chemie (abstract).

Although the magnetic soap is unlikely to be turned into a household cleaner in the near future, Eastoe said in a statement that just proving the soap can be made means potential for commercially available industrial cleaners. For now, the scientists are continuing to work on the soap in the lab. Let's hope they perfect it soon. The list of EPA Superfund sites is still long.

Photo: Unlike normal soaps, the newly created magnetic one on the right sticks to a magnet. Credit: University of Bristol.

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